Adrenoleukodystrophy and Myelin Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Adrenoleukodystrophy and Myelin Wheres the Connection? Adrenoleukodystrophy. Also known as ALD. Ten days ago many people would not be familiar with this extremely rare childhood disease. But now awareness has increased as a result of the 1992 MCA Universal film, Lorenzos Oil. This true story movie shows the struggles of a family whose son is dying from this disease and their fight to try to save him and children like him. aft(prenominal) seeing this movie myself I became very interested in ALD and the possible ways to cure or treat it. In the last decade on that point has been some amazing research done in conjunction with this disease and the few others who, like it, occur as a result from the breakdown or loss of myelin in the brain. The first step in understanding adrenoleukodystrophy is to ask what it is and how it works. According to the fact sheet put out by the internal Institute of Health in Bethesda, MD in 1997, ALD is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by the breakd own or loss of the myelin sheath ring nerve cells in the brain and progressive dysfunction of the adrenal gland (1). This disorder affects fatty acid metabolism which causes the dysfunction of the adrenal glands, the nervous system, and the testes (2). This leads to progressive neurological disability and death (3). Physical symptoms include, but are not limited to, visual loss, deafness, learning disabilities, seizures, dysarthria (poorly articulated speech), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), strabismus (crossed eyes), fatigue, disturbance in gait and coordination, vomiting, paralysis, blindness, melanoderma, and dementia (1) (2) (4). But this disease does not stop with merely physical changes, there are many behavioral changes which are parti... ...gs are almost neer what you think they are. WWW Sources1)Adrenoleukodystrophy,http//www.ninds.nih.gov/HEALINFO/DISORDER/Adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenoleuko.html 2)Adrenoleukodystrophy, http//www.healthanswers.com/database/ami/converte d/001182.html3)NCBI Adrenoleukodystrophy, http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/ALD.html4) ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY , http//www.kid-med.org/pedbase/adrenole.htm5)The Myelin Project , http//www.myelin.org/6)TMP Newsletter , http//www.myelin.org/112698pr.html7)Virtual Hospital Radiology Resident Case of the Week Adrenal Leukodystrophy (ALD) , http//www.vh.org/ braggy/provider/radiology/RCW/012696/012696.html8) Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood- Dr. Greenes House Calls , http//www.drgreene.com/21_525.html9) Metachromatic Leukodystrophy , http//www.duke.edu/pdrh/MLD.html

Spacecrafts :: Space Shuttle Outer Space Race

Spacecrafts The origin lieucraft was launched into space on October 4th, 1957 by the Soviet Union. Since then, there bring on been umpteen much spacecrafts launched into space. I want to find out where the fancy for sending a spacecraft into space came from, what spacecrafts do for the average person in their day to day lives, why the space race so important to the U.S. and the USSR and the advancements it made in spacecraft technology, and what NASA and different space agencies are planning to do with spacecrafts in the future. I lease always had an interest in this subject and want to find out more about it. In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky turn out mathematically that it was possible to launch a spacecraft into space using liquid fuels. After that, many people began workings on ways to accomplish what Tsiolkovsky proved mathematically. Twelve years later, in 1915, Robert Goddard established that it was possible to send a rocket to the moon. In 1926, Goddard too k a long touchstone by launching the first liquid-fuel rocket. The Soviets took the first huge step in space by launching the first satellite, Sputnik 1 into space in 1957. The Soviets also took the next big step in space by putting the first mankind in space, Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the moon. Since then, there have been many launches and missions into space. Ever since Tsiolkovsky proved it was possible to launch a spacecraft into space, people worked very hard to make that a reality. Although Tsiolkovsky did not come up with the idea to send a spacecraft into space, he did prove it was possible and got the ball rolling in sending a rocket into space. Spacecrafts do a visual sense of things for many people who do not even realize that they are using spacecraft technology to do what they are doing. When you watch the news in the morning to get the weather for the day, a satellite was used to observ e weather patterns around the globe to suffer the information you are viewing on the television. Any time you use your cell phone, you are using a satellite to connect to the person on the other line. Many people have satellite television rather than cable, which transfers information from a satellite to your television.Spacecrafts Space Shuttle Outer Space RaceSpacecrafts The first spacecraft was launched into space on October 4th, 1957 by the Soviet Union. Since then, there have been many more spacecrafts launched into space. I want to find out where the idea for sending a spacecraft into space came from, what spacecrafts do for the average person in their day to day lives, why the space race so important to the U.S. and the USSR and the advancements it made in spacecraft technology, and what NASA and other space agencies are planning to do with spacecrafts in the future. I have always had an interest in this subject and want to find out more about it. In 1903, Kons tantin Tsiolkovsky proved mathematically that it was possible to launch a spacecraft into space using liquid fuels. After that, many people began working on ways to accomplish what Tsiolkovsky proved mathematically. Twelve years later, in 1915, Robert Goddard established that it was possible to send a rocket to the moon. In 1926, Goddard took a big step by launching the first liquid-fuel rocket. The Soviets took the first huge step in space by launching the first satellite, Sputnik 1 into space in 1957. The Soviets also took the next big step in space by putting the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the moon. Since then, there have been many launches and missions into space. Ever since Tsiolkovsky proved it was possible to launch a spacecraft into space, people worked very hard to make that a reality. Although Tsiolkovsky did not come up with the idea to send a spacecraft into space, he did prov e it was possible and got the ball rolling in sending a rocket into space. Spacecrafts do a lot of things for many people who do not even realize that they are using spacecraft technology to do what they are doing. When you watch the news in the morning to get the weather for the day, a satellite was used to observe weather patterns around the globe to provide the information you are viewing on the television. Any time you use your cell phone, you are using a satellite to connect to the person on the other line. Many people have satellite television rather than cable, which transfers information from a satellite to your television.

Little Fugue and Morning Song by Sylvia Plath Essay -- Sylvia Plath Po

A relationship is an emotional connection to someone involving an interaction between two or more people. There atomic number 18 many types of relationships, some functional and others far from being workable. I will demonstrate this through my texts of Little Fugue, and Morning Song both metrical compositions written by Sylvia Plath the movie, Love Actually and the book, Tricksters Choice by Tamora Pierce.Little Fugue by Sylvia Plath is my first example of how we all perceive our different relationships. This poem is about Plath talking of her father and herself and the lack of communication between the two. Throughout the poem, Plath contradicts herself, expression, I was seven, I knew nothing yet she constantly dialogue of the past, remembering. Her tone is real dark and imposing, she uses many images of blindness, deafness and a severe lack of communication, So the deaf and dumb/signal the blind, and are ignored. Her use of enjambment shows her feelings and pain in some pla ces, in other places it covers up her emotional state. She talks of her father being a German, a Nazi. Whilst her father may have originated from Germany, he was in no way a Nazi, or a fascist. He was a simple man who made sausages. Lopping the sausages However she used this against her father, who died when she was but eight, saying that she still had night mares, They color1 my sleep, she also brings her fathers supposed Nazism up again, Red, mottled, like cut necks./There was a silence. Plath also talks of her father being somewhat of a general in the militia, A yew hedge of orders, also with this image she brings back her supposed vulnerability as a child, talking as if her father was going to send her away, I am guilty of nothing. For all her claims of being vul... ...r child being an alien, she still stumbles from bed cow heavy at a single cry from the child. Morning Song is literally the cry of a baby, as it calls for its buzz off. The relationship between mother and child is strong although Plath seems to view her child as something totally unchildlike. She doesnt seem to be able to connect with her child in any way.I have learned that relationships are diverse and can change from one moment to the next. I have learned that not all people grant the same views as I do when it comes to the people I hold dear. The world around me is a very different place to my perceived ideals. Relationships are like diamonds, with many sides and facets. It can be perfect and clear, or cloudy and distorted. It is life. 1American spelling used as it is a direct quote 2Corus is the capital city of Alys home country, Tortall

The Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay -- Lee Harvey Oswald, JFK

In Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963, Americas beloved president, gutter F. Kennedy, was shot and killed in Dealey Plaza. This event was the folk 11 terrorist attacks of the time. The nation was in absolute mourning. Soon after the calamity, many began to speculate whether there was only a lone assassin involved. Now, five decades late, the view over who pulled the trigger or influenced the murder, is still a controversy. On the day of the assassination, President Kennedy was riding in his motorcade around Dallas. By this point, Kennedy and his colleagues were preparing for the next presidential resource in 1964. Sitting in the back of the presidential limousine with his wife Jacqueline, the President casually smiled and waved to citizens crowding to see him. Then, suddenly a metallic slam-bang rang through the air and screams reverberated through the plaza. Bullets hit the President in the neck and head, and his body collapsed towards his horrified wife. The governo r of Texas, who was also in the vehicle, was hit in the chest.The President was rushed to Parkland Hospital quickly after the initial shots at 1230 P.M. on that November afternoon. Tragically, only half an hour later, President John F. Kennedys heart activity halted, and he was pronounced dead. Now, the question was who killed the President? Who could have been so horrible to assassinate the President? This man was Lee Harvey Oswald, an ex-Marine who had defected to the Soviet Union. Many speculate that Oswald was not the only shooter located in Dealey Plaza during the shooting. Oswald was found and arrested from the murder of Officer J.D. Tippit of the Dallas police force, and his earlier assassination of the President. The nonuple sho... ...n explored at Duquesne University. Pittsburgh Tribune Review (PA). 18 Oct 2013 Newspaper Source. Web. 13 Nov 2014. Goldman, Russel. The Top 5 John F. Kennedy Assassination crew Theories. ABC News. ABC News Network, 11 Nov. 2013. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.Kiger, Patrick J. Was Kennedy laced to the Mob? National Geographic Channel. National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.McAuliffe, Carolyn. The Assassination of John F Kennedy. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2003.November 22, 1963 Death of the President. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Web. 03 Dec. 2014.Patterson, Thom, Ed Lavandera, and Jason Morris. One JFK Conspiracy Theory That Could Be True. CNN. Cable News Network, 18 Nov. 2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.Rubinstein, William. Oswald Shoots JFK. History Today 49.10 (1999) 15. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 13 Nov 2014.

Labor and Unions in America :: American America History

Labor and Unions in AmericaThe Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massach hiretts, the construction of a extended cotton mill began in 1821. It was the first of several that would be built there in the next 10 years. The machinery to spin and weave cotton into stuff would be driven by water power. All that the factory owners needed was a dependable supply of labor to tend the machines. As to the highest degree jobs in cotton factories required neither great strength nor special skills, the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were more compliant. The New England region was home to many young, single farm girls who might be recruited. But would stern New England farmers allow their daughters to work in factories? The great majority of them would not. They believed that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hope little poverty. Economic laws would force them to work ha rder and harder for less and less pay. THE LOWELL EXPERIMENT How, then, were the factory owners able to recruit farm girls as laborers? They did it by building decent houses in which the girls could live. These houses were supervised by older women who made sure enough that the girls lived by strict moral standards. The girls were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when they got married. The young factory workers did not earn high wages the average pay was about $3.50 a week. But in those times, a half-dozen eggs greet five cents and a whole chicken cost 15 cents. The hours worked in the factories were long. Generally, the girls worked 11 to 13 hours a day, six days a week. But most people in the 1830s worked from dawn until dusk, and farm girls were used to getting up early and working until bedtime at nine oclock. The factory owners at Lowell believed that machines would bring set ahead as well as profit. Workers and capitalists would both benefit from the wealth created by mass production. For a while, the factory system at Lowell worked very well. The population of the town grew from 200 in 1820 to 30,000 in 1845. But conditions in Lowells factories had already started to change.

Labor and Unions in America :: American America History

Labor and Unions in AmericaThe Industrial Revolution was dawning in the United States. At Lowell, Massachusetts, the construction of a big like plant mill began in 1821. It was the first of several that would be built there in the next 10 years. The machinery to spin and weave cotton into cloth would be driven by water power. All that the factory owners needed was a dependable supply of labor to tend the machines. As most jobs in cotton factories required neither smashing strength nor special skills, the owners thought women could do the work as well as or better than men. In addition, they were much compliant. The New England region was home to many new-fangled, single farm girls who might be recruited. But would stern New England farmers allow their daughters to work in factories? The great majority of them would not. They believed that sooner or later factory workers would be exploited and would sink into hopeless poverty. Economic laws would force them to work harder and har der for less and less pay. THE LOWELL investigate How, then, were the factory owners able to recruit farm girls as laborers? They did it by building decent houses in which the girls could live. These houses were supervised by older women who made sure that the girls lived by strict moral standards. The girls were encouraged to go to church, to read, to write and to attend lectures. They saved part of their earnings to help their families at home or to use when they got married. The young factory workers did not earn high wages the average pay was about $3.50 a week. But in those times, a half-dozen eggs cost cinque cents and a whole chicken cost 15 cents. The hours worked in the factories were long. Generally, the girls worked 11 to 13 hours a day, six days a week. But most populate in the 1830s worked from dawn until dusk, and farm girls were used to getting up early and working until bedtime at nine oclock. The factory owners at Lowell believed that machines would bring progres s as well as profit. Workers and capitalists would both benefit from the wealth created by mass production. For a while, the factory system at Lowell worked very well. The population of the town grew from cc in 1820 to 30,000 in 1845. But conditions in Lowells factories had already started to change.

Film techniques Essay

Human kind has always displayed a desire, within their literature, to engross themselves on a journey of self reflection. yet often these journeys can also be negatively forced upon a character. Skrzynecki, in his text Immigrants at central station explores how forced journeys have dehumanize and isolated his family on their journey of migration. However, in 10 Mary street Skrzynecki focuses on positive outcomes of journeys that him and his family have taken on their own.Furthermore Girl, interrupted, the 1999 plastic film directed by James Mangold, Outlines the segregation and inequality of forced journeys whilst also looking at journeys with positive outcomes of self enlightenment that were chosen to be taken. mickle who are forced upon a journey may feel isolated and disempowered. Skrzynecki explores this in immigrants at central station by detailing the apprehension matte by migrants whilst waiting for a train in central station, Sydney.In the first line of the poem it was s ad to hear Skrzynecki has already established a sombre using the highly descriptive word sad. Similarly in the line a dampness that slowly sank into our thoughts He continues this negativity through the sensual imagery of dampness and the depressive symbolism of sank into our thoughts. Skrzynecki also uses the simile like cattle bought for slaughter to link to the negativity shown in stanza 1, he also creates a reek of entrapment, dehumanising the migrants and reducing them to livestock.Skrzynecki uses repetition of the first line with the introduction of a conjunction at the beginning but it was sad to hear. Doing so allows him to insinuate back to the first stanza and stress the sombre tone while the conjunction allows Skrzynecki to juxtapose the poem against the last two paragraphs bringing the audiences guardianship to the suddenness of the arrival of the train. Paragraph 2 (negative) yet to be analysedAlternatively people can immerse themselves on journeys of self-reflection and self discovery, leading to a sense of empowerment and happiness. Skrzynecki in 10 Mary Street details a positive outcome of a chosen journey through the story of his family in their home on Mary Street. The line My parents watered plants like adopted children uses accumulation to display the journey that the parents have taken to lovingly care for their plants

Corrections Trends Evaluation Paper Essay

Corrections crap existed throughout society for many years and continued to change and evolve in the United States reflecting societys values and ideals throughout the centuries. In the criminal justice system, corrections exist in more than one form. Not whole do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, half direction ho make use ofs, and treatment facilities.Past, present, and future trends in regard to the ontogenesis and operation of institutional and community-based corrections vary between states but corrections have grown immensely since the early 1800s and have continued to expand oer time. Corrections ar adamant to continue to expand into the future because crime is not slowing down so there will remain a strong need for corrections throughout society. The subject of this write up pertains to research of by, present, and future trends in the development and operation of corrections.In so me ways corrections are similar to the operation trends of two decades ago. In other ways the development of corrections has come far compared to corrections in the beginning. Other subjects of the paper include current and future issues for prisons and prison administrators and an explanation for why these issues overwhelm corrections. A last topic for discussion is the roles of throw corrections as a developing trend. Conditions in the early era were inhumane because of prisoners starving, and trends of punishment were in the form of physical punishment.Ex ampereles of this were punishments, such as prisoners hanged, tortured, beheaded, or mutilated. This punishment was popular in England, but it had an effect on its American predecessors. Although the conservative e trend that emerged in the 1970s continued to dominate justice system policy the contend between punishment and treatment brought new questions about (Muraskin & Roberts, 2009, pp. 263). Over the years and into th e future many noneffervescent wonder the dominate method in reducing the number of criminals in the department of corrections.The American colonies used means of a corporal punishment just as the motherlands (Gaines & Miller, 208, pp. 313). The system brutally executed citizens who had violated any law. However, not all colonial administrators adhered to a brutal punishment, such as the death penalty. The Great Law ensured any victim a restitution of property or goods, given by the felon (pp. 313). This code, based on Quaker ideals and humanity and rehabilitation, by William Penn was introduced.Although The Great Law still allowed the death penalty, most felons who could not pay restitution to their victims were not executed but were sent to prison where they worked. This exceptional code, in William Penns case gained maintenance by other American colonies. After Penns death, Pennsylvania, The center of prison reform, opened its very first penitentiary in Philadelphia (Johnst on, 2011). This initiated a chain reaction and other states looked to Pennsylvania as an example for reform. They looked to the penitentiary as a hope of rehabilitating the criminal spirit.It helped to treat and subdue prisoners rather than physically harm them. The button up in a penitentiary was meant to force prisoners to think about their crimes, and weigh the benefits against the consequences. Although the silence treatment was successful, many inmates brought into the penitentiaries and had to share rooms as a final result of crowded conditions. This happened at the Walnut Street Prison Penitentiary, and it ended with overcrowded conditions and excessive cost. The prison eventually shut down. Although the prison was shut down, many states continued to use the penitentiary system.If overcrowding occurred it just meant building new penitentiaries. The penitentiary system was important because it influenced later concepts. Such as the idea of separate confinement, which kept inmates separated in individual cells (Gaines & Miller. 2008, pp. 314). These prisoners had contact with religious instructors known as clergy or prison officials only. Another concept introduced was the idea of reform and progress. Inmates who behaved well and followed rules climb a ladder and once at the top may qualify for early release from confinement.The history and structure of prisons and prison administrators has changed immensely over the years. Society nowadays cases the increased probability of incarceration for offenders and inmates serve more time for crimes in the present-day compared to the length of incarceration several years ago. This is in part because of the Sentencing mitigate Act of 1984, which caused the length of time served by federal convicts for their crimes to rise significantly (Gaines & Miller, 2008, pp. 316). With more offenders going to prison for longer stays many prisons face overcrowding conditions.The prison overcrowding problem contribu tes to several issues currently facing prisons and prison administrators. Prison overcrowding is a current issue that without some extreme solutions will continue to boldness the entire department of corrections well into the future. Over the past decade the prison population continues to rise sharply. Stricter laws, harsher punishment, high evaluate of recidivism, and higher(prenominal) levels of drug relate crimes contribute to the rapid growth of incarcerated offenders. Prison overcrowding almost always has a negative effect on inmates and prison administration or staff.Overcrowding leads to higher rates of illness, so in turn prison administrators see an increase in health care costs. Limited more are resources and the likelihood of recidivism rates is higher when prisons reach a maximum capacity population. Another current and future issue of concern for prisons and prison administrators stemming from overcrowding is prison violence. Prison researcher Stephen C. Light shew that when conditions such as overcrowding worsen. Inmate misconduct often increases (Gaines & Miller, 2008, pp. 340). Prisoners often use violence as a way to show power or to control other inmates.Prison violence is a means of surviving for some inmates who think of violence as a deterrent against victimization or violence to acquire money or sexual favors. The correctional officers also have to resort to violence as a form of discipline or controlling prison gangs and riots. Funding is another major issue facing prisons and prison administration currently and will continue into the future. The operational cost to abode inmates must stay with the limits of an assigned cypher. Currently a majority of prisons operate under state and federal governments, unlike the past when private prisons were more common. cloistered prisons were often more cost-efficient because of labor costs, competitive bidding, and less red tape involved with private prisons. Prison administration and staf f place themselves at risk daily for a paycheck therefore wages must be in a prison budget. Operating costs for electric and piddle is essential and rises as the inmate population increases. Prisoners have rights to three meals a day and prison budgets must provide these rights. Another necessity in the budget for prisons and prison administrators is the need to rehabilitate and reform inmates.Counselors, doctors, and teachers are necessary inside prisons to attempt to reduce the number of repeat offenders in the prison system. several(prenominal) alternate correction systems play a role as developing trends in society today. With many issues facing correctional institutions today the developing trends and roles of community-based corrections are becoming more common. Community corrections are being framed in terms of alternating(a) sanctions but a slow pace (Muraskin & Roberts, 2009, pp. 263). The emphasis of community corrections is on controlling punishment and retribution p otential (263).The main reason for community-based program is that the cost to place an offender on probation is less than the cost to house an offender in prison. The goal of probation is to give an offender the opportunity to stay out of trouble as opposed to prison. In a sense probation is a second chance for offenders to stay in the community and maintain freedom under supervision. Day reporting centers, half way houses, and electronic monitoring are other examples of community-based corrections that prevent an offender from incarceration in a prison.The goals of these corrections are to allow offenders to stay in the community and maintain employment with special conditions. Community-based programs save funding and space in correctional facilities while recognizing that offenders do need some supervision and discipline to remain in the general population of the community. Corrections have existed throughout society for many years in one form or another. Several types of correc tions exist today from jails and prisons to community-based corrections such as probation, halfway houses, and electronic monitoring.Corrections and trends are much different today than in the past and years from then as society evolves changes in corrections are sure to occur. Issues facing corrections, including funding shortages, prison overcrowding, and violence in correctional facilities have worsened over the years and will continue into the future. Community-based programs will continue to make some progress in the correction institutions by improving alternative programs for offenders, but society will never be crime free and therefore corrections will always be necessary.

Infosys Case Analysis Essay

? Case analysis infosys document structure We have approached the case by first analyzing the identified issues, and then associate cool it causes to those issues. Further to it we have employ two frameworks, Web of Change and Hewitt outflank Employer Characteristics, to theoretically assess the weaknesses in Infosys Human Resource and Change Management policies. These frameworks shag be used by organizations to better plan their change management and serviceman option management initiatives.We have used Hewitts Best Employer descry, to locate the key initiatives which Infosys should undertake to en open it to r separately its target of Best Employer by 2011. Further to it we believe that Best Employer and Best Performer atomic number 18 complementary goals, and its difficult to achieve one without the other, and hence we have identified the key initiatives which can help Infosys to achieve Best Performer target without pliant on its Best Employer objective. about infosys Infosys is the second largest Indian IT software services fraternity.Infosys has reached pinnacles of success in short span of 20 years, through innovative ancestry strategies and human resource practices. Currently it is facing challenges around balancing between business harvest-feast and employee satisfaction. About its business Model Infosys delivers IT services to its clients globally in a model cal guide GDM (Global Delivery Model). The main characteristic of this model is that it decouples client location and project exe lose weightion. Project is executed in locations which provide best faction of cost and talent.Project teams are spread across client site and offshore development centers in countries like India, China, and Mexico etc which provide rich availability of talent at competitive cost. Usually teams at client site document requirements and manage client relationship and offshore team manages delivery. This is a human resource intensive industry and the challen ge is exacerbated by the fact that most of the resources are highly skilled professionals (engineers, MBAs, computer scientists etc). Being an industry where human resource is your alone asset and your only competitive advantage, managing, ssues and Root Cause analysis In this section well analyze the issues identified in the case and will attempt to identify root causes which led to employee dissatisfaction. After our analysis we believe that issues mentioned in the case is symptomatic of gaps in general principles of leadership, change management and HRM. Policies are not create verbally in blood and stone, and they change over the lifemagazine of organizations. What should not change are elementary organizations principles around human resource management.Our assessment is that policy changes in Infosys were reflective of external environment and business imperatives. However, diverging from the basic principles of Change management, leadership, parley and employee developmen t in implementing new policies is what led to its fall in Best Employer ratings. Stock Options started lacking luster to the new employees and created equity imbalance among employees Stakeholders complicated New Employees Discontentment Impact Inequity of in dumbfound/wealth effect in the company which created tension between employees.New employees who had seen Infosys from outside as an organization committed to fairness, equity, and employee wealth creation got disenchanted. Root Cause Failure to Manage Expectations This issue originally arose because of incorrect expectation setting of new employees. Infosys kept on using stock options and the millionaires stories as branding activity, even when stock options were no more an motivator to new recruits. Company should have made it very clear about its new compensation philosophy when it discontinued ESOPS. 1. Managing scale and contriteness risk Stakeholders gnarly Employees ManagersDiscontentment Impact Infosys was growing at a speed where it was doubling its organizational strength every 1-2 years. However organization was plagued by high attrition rate. Employees felt lack of motivation, due to repetitive process tasks, which the business model demanded. Due to high growth, a lot of employees moved up the managerial ladder, besides lacked proper training and orientation and hence couldnt connect to employees Root Cause Lack of Employee fulfillment ( from the job ) Detached Lleaderships To stress on the lead for the above two, well give two examples from Indian public sector. Indian RailwaysIndian railways has recently transformed itself into a highly profitable organization, and according to the officer on special with Railways, single most critical factor which contri merelyed to this success is involvement and commitment of employees of railways disdain having a poor compensation structure. Employees of Indian railways take great pride in their work, since they believe they are contributing t o the running of the countrys biggest infrastructure and are responsible for transporting of 2 crore customers every days. This association with organizational goal and pride in your organization is what makes an organization for perpetuity.Due to changing business needs, Iinfosys couldnt connect to its employees in motivating them. Indian Army A unit commander in the army is able to inspire its soldiers to give up their life, compensation etc notwithstanding. The only primer coats soldiers are so committed, is their immediate leader. It depends on the unit commanders ability to connect to his soldiers, motivate them and show a genuine concern for their wellbeing, is what motivates the soldiers to do the unthinkable for their leader. According to research in human resources field, people leave managers and not companies.The leadership skills of managers are the greatest source of employee fulfillment at work. Lack of engagement and commitment of managers towards their subordinates , was belike the single biggest reason for high attrition rate at Infosys. 2. Strong formalization and process orientation, which came as part of growth, took away bandwidth to innovate from employees. Stakeholders involved Employees Discontentment Impact Employees who were used to getting the thrill and satisfaction from using their skill on technical challenges were feeling cocooned because of new process driven and re-use methodology.Similar impact was observed in people policy issues. All personal policies were getting more and more formalized. Root Cause Lack of employee Motivation Resistance to change One of the basic principles of organization design is that you dont use strong formalization from highly skilled agents (employees). Formalization is for low skilled repeatable tasks. Infosys should have come up with business models aimed at high end, foster added services much earlier. This would have kept its inherent talent not only motivated but better utilized for higher m argins.In 1990s moving away from body shopping to GDM provide this opportunity, but in early to middle 2000s, Iinfosys couldnt reinvent itself. Formalization in organizational policies when it grows out from entrepreneurial stage is inevitable. Its actually needed to ensure consistent implementation of policies and create a sense of equity and fairness among employee. Dissatisfaction on this front could be attributed to resistance to change, and hence effective change management principles should be employed for disruptive changes. 3. entry of variable pay Stakeholders involved EmployeesSenior Management HR Department Discontentment Impact Variable pay was received with a lot of uncertainty by the employees, fearing that it was introduced to reduce their compensation Root Cause/s Change Management Failure Lack of Leadership engagement Communication Failure This was probably one of the most disruptive changes introduced by Infosys. The amount of skepticism and distrust displayed by employees was a first in Infosys. Immediate reaction of employees was that this policy has been introduced to cut employee costs to satisfy shareholders demand for higher and higher profitability.The fact that a vast majority of senior management were shareholders in the company added to employee distrust. There was no lucidity among employees how this policy will pan out. A lot of employees were not comfortable in linking their performance to factors outside their control (market conditions, decision taken by management etc). Also since the amount of variable component was high (more than 50% for project managers and above), employees could not understand how much their monthly take home were.This is a classic case of failure in change management and involvement of leadership at every level. Infosys data on variable payout shows that most of the time company has delivered 100% payout and even higher percentage to high performers. So employee skepticism bore from lack of clarity a nd communication on this policy. Lack of clarity, communication and involvement of employees was to such an extent that even middle management was taken by surprise by this policy. Many managers, who couldnt appreciate the policy implementation, were unwilling in communicating the changes to the employees.For an employee first point of contact for clarification is his/her immediate line manager, hence its important to fully equip leadership at every level with information. To understand the role what leadership plays in motivating, retaining employees, we should look at armed forces. Unit commanders are able to motivate their employees to give their life, despite the fact that compensation package of soldiers is one of the lowest. This commitment in subordinates comes because of total commitment of their leader in engaging with them and motivating with them.Immediate line managers are the biggest reason employees leave an organization and are also the main reason employees go beyon d their capabilities to outperform. 4. Retaining Organizational Culture with fast track growth Stakeholders involved HR Department Employees Discontentment Impact Due to business growth imperatives, and its business model, Infosys was doubling its employee strength every 1-2 years. To accommodate this type of growth, it had to lower its hiring standards and fictional character and culture was a victim of this. Root Cause/sLack of Employee on boarding ( orientation) planning This issue had an impact on multiple facets. It led to a feeling disenchantment in quick employees, as they felt their brand equity in the market was getting diluted. New employees, who were not able to appreciate infosys inherent culture, didnt felt comfortable and had a feeling that the organization is biased toward old employees. Root cause of this issue was that although organization had changed its excerption criteria, it didnt change its employee orientation strategy, or training methodology.Infosys shou ld have changed its orientation program to be more customized offering for similar group of employees and using existing employees as mentor to help develop organizational culture and values in new employees. alike if you are hiring for quantity and not quality, it should have modify its training plan to be more exhaustive. 5. Broad Banding and promotions Stakeholders involved Employees Discontentment Impact Lack of faith in the organization Chaos and bewilderment in employees minds Root Cause/s Change Management Communication LeadershipThis policy again created a lot of employee discomfort since they didnt knew the expand of change. Its again a classic change management failure. Although the policy was designed to bring forth more clarity in role structure and bring equity amongst similar roles, across the organization, poor communications created fear and scientism in minds of people. We can observe from the reinvention of Indian Railways, one of the reasons organization could progress on the growth trajectory, was employee commitment to the cause of Indian Railways, despite of low compensation.Employees felt proud to be part of the worlds biggest railways and were motivated to excel. Some of the senior managers lacked clarity about policies, hence they were apprehensive of clarifying the policy. This shows a major organizational failure in terms of change management and engagement of leadership with people. Similarly as discussed above, since employee appraisal parameters were not clearly defined, an employee could not appreciate how his/her appraisal going to impact promotions? Web Of Change Change Management FrameworkTo do substantiate our above understanding of issues at Iinfosys, we used Web of Change, a change management framework to understand the change management issues at Infosys. Web of change is the framework proposed by Stephen Thomas. This model defines 8 change elements as shown below and the web of change helps us to see how the values o f each element changed during the Organization Change process in Infosys. The baseline score is the value of the Change elements in Infosys during the glory years of 1990s and the re-assessment scores the value of the same change elements in the 2000s when Infosys was going through the Growth pangs.

Wednesday Syllabus

If you do not notify the experimenter prior to your scheduled beat and the experimenter is forced to waste his or her time waiting for you, you will lose half of the credits that the take was worth. For example, if the study was worth 2 credits, then 1 credit will be deducted from the contri furthere number of credits that you have earned. Forgotten passwords. If you have lost or forgotten your password, please click on Lost your password? Click here(predicate) to retri eve it on the website homepage. You will be asked to provide your encamps email address the password will be sent directly to you.If, after having done this, the organisation indicates that the password could not be sent, please email Dry. Leach (Amy. emailprotected Ca) your encamps email address, the name of your course, and the name of your instructor so that she can set up a new account for you. You will be notified when your new account has been created. Available Studies. The topics, methodologies, locations (Online vs.. North campus vs.. Downtown campus) and time durations of the studies will vary. We cannot guarantee how many studies will accommodate available over the term or that there will be studies that interest you personally.Check the website periodically to see if a new study has been posted. However, do reinforcement in mind that space in studies is restricted. Thus, you should check the website frequently to ensure that you are able to sign up for studies (and timeless) as they generate available. disport do not touching Dry. Leach or your professor about the avail tycoon of studies because they do not know when new studies or timeless will catch available. Individual experimenters are responsible or posting their own studies. Note that the last day of classes is the final day that you can participate in studies for spear carrier credit.Study Restrictions. You may not be able to sign up for some of the posted studies. In some cases, this is because you have already pa rticipated in that particular study or a very similar study. In some other(prenominal)(prenominal) cases, you might not meet the criteria for inclusion in the study (e. G. , you did not provide your contact information in the initial prescribe survey so that researchers could contact you). Keep in mind that studies should pass away available over the semester. Again, it is best to come to checking the website for updates. Forgotten Passwords.If you have lost or forgotten your password, please click Available Studies. The topics, methodologies, and time durations of the studies will same(p)ly vary. We cannot guarantee how many studies will become available over the term or that there will be studies that interest you personally. Check the website periodically to see if a new study has been posted. However, do keep in mind that space in studies is restricted. Thus, you should check the website frequently to ensure that you are able to sign p for studies (and timeless) as they bec ome available. Please do not contact Dry.Leach or your professor about the availability of studies because they do not know when new studies or timeless will become available. Individual experimenters are responsible for posting their own studies. **Please note that the last day of classes is the final day that you can particular study or a very similar study. In Other cases, you might not meet Grading Disputes Students who would like to dispute their grade on an exam mustiness provide a written explanation, via email, of their concerns to the TA within one week of achieving their grade, prior to meeting with the TA.Only after receiving the written explanation will the TA review article the exam. This documentation allows the TA to prepare for your meeting and, if possible, resolve any issues over email. When meeting with your T A, you must bring a written hard counterpart of your concerns. If you are unable to resolve the issues with the TA the TA will contact me and, after revi ewing the situation, I will contact you to set up a meeting. So, it looks like this Midterm 1 Midterm II 30% 35% Participation 5% Research (bonus) 5% Civility Bonus Total 106% Grading outmatchIn accordance with Slots grading policy, the following scale will be use Grade Percentage Grade Points Description 90-100 4. 3 Excellent. Strong test of originality and independence of thought good organization capacity to analyze and synthesize superior grasp of result matter with sound critical evaluations evidence of across-the-board knowledge base an outstanding ability to communicate. 85-89 4. 0 80-84 3. 7 77-79 3. 3 Good.Substantial knowledge of subject matter some evidence of organization and analytic ability a moderate degree of originality and independence of thought reasonable understanding of relevant issues evidence of familiarity with literature an ability to communicate clearly and fluently. 73-76 3. 0 70-72 2. 7 67-69 2. 3 Adequate. Student is profiting from his/her universit y experience an acceptable understanding of the subject matter ability to develop solutions to representative problems in the material some ability to guide and analyze ideas an ability to communicate adequately. 60-66 2. 0 D 50-59 1. 0 Marginal. Some evidence that critical and analytic skills have been developed rudimentary knowledge of the subject matter significant flunk in the ability to communicate. F 0-49 0. 0 Inadequate. Little evidence of even superficial understanding of subject matter weakness in critical and analytic skills limited or irrelevant use of literature failure to complete required elaborate an inability to communicate. *Academic truthfulness Policy Academic dishonesty will not be tolerated and may result in severe penalties.Regarding academic dishonesty, whether cheating, plagiarism or some other form of dishonest conduct related to academic coursework, draw your attention to the following points, as outlined in the Academic calendar. Read the following eve carefully Many of you do not understand what plagiarism is, and I will discuss this issue further in class. Academic misconduct includes, but is not limited to Unreasonable infringement on the freedom of other members of the academic community (e. G. , disrupting classes or examinations, harassing, intimidating, or threatening others).Violation of safety regulations in a laboratory or other setting. Cheating on examinations, assignments, reports, or other work used to evaluate student performance. Cheating includes copying from another students work or allowing ones own work to be copied, submitting another persons work as ones own, fabrication of data, consultation with an unauthorized person during an examination, or use of unauthorized aids. Impersonating another student or allowing oneself to be impersonated for purposes of taking examinations, or carrying out laboratory or other assignments.Plagiarism, which is the act of presenting the ideas, words, or other intellectual prop erty of another as ones own. The use of other peoples work must be properly acknowledged and referenced in all written material. Obtaining by improper heart and soul examination papers, tests, or similar materials use or distribution Of such materials to others. Falsifying academic records, including tests and examinations, or submitting false credentials for purpose of gaining admission to a program or course, or for any other purpose.Misrepresentation of facts, whether written or oral, which may have an effect on academic evaluation. This includes making fraudulent wellness claims, obtaining medical or other certificates under false pretenses, or altering certificates for the purposes of misrepresentation. Submission of work when a major portion has been previously submitted or is being submitted for another course, without the express permission of all instructors involved.

Brain Development And Early Childhood Education Essay

Babies begin to learn ab turn out the military personnel around them from a very early on age. Childrens early experiences the bonds they form with their p arents and their first cultivation experiences deeply affect their future physical, cognitive, emotional and social development. Learning starts in infancy, ample before formal education begins, and continues finishedout life. A young pip-squeaks point needs certain types of stimulation to develop properly. Without that stimulation, certain types of learning will not be possible when the child enters school.Experts tell us that 90% of all brain development occurs by the age of five. If we dont begin thinking about education in the early years, our children are at risk of falling behind by the time they start Kindergarten. This is why Early Childhood Education is so important. Infants and toddlers learn about themselves and their creative activity during interactions with others. Brain connections that lead to later succe ss grow out of nurturing, supportive and sure care. This type of caregiving fosters child curiosity, creativity and self-confidence.Youngchildren need safety, esteem, conversation and a stimulating environment to develop and keep important synapses in the brain. During the first 3 years of life, children experience the origination in a more complete way than children of any other age. The brain takes in the external world through its system of sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. This means that infant social, emotional, cognitive, physical and language development are stimulated during multisensory experiences.Infants and toddlers need the opportunity to participate in a world filled withstimulating sights, sounds and people. Before children are able to talk, emotional expressions are the language of relationships. Research shows that infants positive and negative emotions, and caregivers sensitive responsiveness to them, can ease early brain development.For example, shared positive emotion between a caregiver and an infant, such as laughter and smiling, engages brain activity in unattackable ways and promotes feelings of security. Also, when interactions are accompanied by lots of emotion, they are more readily remembered and recalled.The primary giver, when providing consistent and predictable nurturing to the infant creates what is known as a secure attachment. This is accomplished in that rhythmic dance between infant and caregiver the loving cuddles, hugs, smiles and noises that pass between caregiver and infant. Should this dance be out of step, unpredictable, highly inconsistent or chaotic an insecure attachment is formed. When attachments are secure the infant learns that it is lovable and loved, that adults will provide nurture and care and that the world is a safe place.When attachment is insecure the infant learns the opposite. As the child grows from a base of secure attachment he or she becomes ready to love and be a friend. A secure atta chment creates the capacity to form and maintain healthy emotional bonds with another. Attachment is the template through which we view the world and people in it. The brain grows from the bottom to the top. Each of the core strengths is related to a stage and site of brain growth. In infancy attachment bonds are acquired and lay down emotional signals deep within the brain.At the same(p) time the brain stem is seeing to it that bodily functions can be self-regulated. afterward on in childhood the emotional centers of the brain come under increasing control so temper tantrums disappear and the child controls their emotional life. In mid-childhood the childs brain begins to develop the capacity to think and reflect on the external environment. It is at this stage when the frontal areas of the brain begin to shape up and it is at this stage in brain growth when the core strengths of affiliation, attunement, tolerance and respect can mature as well.Reading aloud with children is know n to be the single most important activity for construct the knowledge and skills they will eventually require for learning to read. Babies show excitement by widening their look and moving their arms and legs when looking at a book with pictures of babies or other familiar objects. Babies learn from conversations even when they cannot understand what you are saying. When babies hear the same words over and over, the parts of the brain that handle speech and language develop. Talk to them as you are changing their diaper or feeding them. turn back down on the floor with them when they are playing. Use this opportunity to talk about the different toys they have. You can talk about the color of the object or make noises, such as a car goes vroom, vroom. In infancy and early childhood, play is the activity through which children learn to recog- nize colors and shapes, tastes and sounds the very building blocks of reality.Play also provides pathways to love and social connection. In e arly childhood, play helps children develop skills they cant get in any other way. Babbling, for example, is a self-initiated form of play throughwhich infants create the sounds they need to learn the language of their parents.Likewise, chil- dren teach themselves to crawl, stand, and walk through repetitious practice play. At the preschool level, children engage in dramatic play and learn who is a leader, who is a follower, who is outgoing, who is shy. They also learn to negotiate their own conflicts. Study after study explicitly and unambiguously documents that what happens during the early years is critical to a childs long-term cognitive and behavioral development, physical growth in childhood, and health in adulthood.Modern brain and child development research supports the need to provide nurturing, educationally stimulating, safe environments and experiences in the early years. A strong and nurturing relationship between children and adults is the most radical ingredient for growing up healthy. Supporting the whole child physically, socially, and emotionally provides a baseline for positive experiences from which the child can learn, grow, and thrive. These experiences shape a childs life and create a strong, foundational web of support that positively contributes to their future.

Ss2 Assesment

Spreadsheet Software Level 2 (Credit value 4) sagacity You should use this file to land up your Assessment. The first thing you exigency to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then pass water through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area piddle sure it is clearly marked with your evoke, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please musical note that this assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 6 berths. image Alvaro Estrada Achieving your qualification In order to achieve your Level 2 ITQ Certificate in IT User Skills qualification, you will need to demonstrate to your tutor that you can collaborate all of the learning outcomes for this Unit. By completing this Assessment, you will cover the following learning outcomes The learn er will 1. Use a spreadsheet to enter, edit and organise numeric and other data 2. Select and use appropriate legislations and data analysis tools to construe requirements 3.Select and use tools and techniques to present and format spreadsheet information You will also gather the following assessment criteria The learner can 1. 1 appoint what numerical and other information is needed in the spreadsheet and how it should be structured 1. 2 drop off and edit numerical and other data accurately 1. 3 Combine and link data across worksheets 1. 4 Store and retrieve spreadsheet files effectively, in pull with local guidelines and conventions where available 2. 1 Identify which tools and techniques to use to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 2. Select and use a range of appropriate moves and formulas to meet calculation requirements 2. 3 Use a range of tools and techniques to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 3. 1 Plan how to present and format spreadsh eet information effectively to meet needs 3. 2 Select and use appropriate tools and techniques to format spreadsheet cells, rows, newspaper columns and worksheets 3. 3 Select and format an appropriate graph or graphical record image to display selected information 3. 4 Select and use appropriate page layout to present and print spreadsheet information 3. Check information meets needs, use spreadsheet tools and making department of corrections as necessary 3. 6 Describe how to find errors in spreadsheet formulas 3. 7 Respond appropriately to any problems with spreadsheets The references in brackets below show you where these criteria are covered. Assessment Scenario You work in a newsagents shop. Your boss has asked you to analyse the gross revenue of chocolate legal professions victimization a spreadsheet. Part A (B1. 1, B1. 2, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) 1. Open Excel to force a spreadsheet about chocolate close off sales. The spreadsheet should contain the following data Price of t he chocolate bars ledge stance in the shop gross revenue of separately chocolate bar for January Sales of each chocolate bar for February Use the information below to create the spreadsheet. deep brown bar data Chocolate bar prices Mars 0. 58, Dairy Milk 0. 65, Double Decker 0. 66, Twix 0. 53, Caramel 0. 55, Snickers 0. 57, Boost 0. 71, Bounty 0. 35, Aero 0. 68, Wispa 0. 65, Milky bar 0. 40, Yorkie 0. 70, Galaxy 0. 67, Lion bar 0. 65, Rolo 0. 63. Shelf location in the shop Shelf one Snickers, Mars, Galaxy, Yorkie Shelf two Dairy Milk, Caramel, Boost, Rolo, BountyShelf three Twix, Milky bar, Aero, Double Decker, Lion Bar, Wispa January chocolate bar sales hatful Mars 54 Dairy Milk 36 Double Decker 30 Twix 24 Caramel 48 Snickers 108 Boost 22 Bounty 51 Aero 32 Wispa 37 Milky bar 29 Yorkie 55 Galaxy 60 Lion bar 37 Rolo 43 February chocolate bar sales hatful Mars 60 Dairy Milk 42 Double Decker 45 Twix 36 Caramel 57 Snickers 114 Boost 35 Bounty 50 Aero 35 W ispa 48 Milky bar 62 Yorkie 70 Galaxy 55 Lion bar 40 Rolo 46 2. Format the price column of the spreadsheet so that it displays as currency. 3. Create a new column called Total sales.Calculate the total number of sales for January and February for each chocolate bar and populate the Total sales column. 4. Sort the spreadsheet by Shelf location so that all of the Shelf 1 chocolate bars appear at the top of the spreadsheet, then the Shelf 2 bars, then the Shelf 3 bars. Save the spreadsheet with the name SS2_chocolate_complete Part B (B1. 1, B1. 2, B1. 4) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment), and create a column chart to compare the prices of the chocolate bars. Save the chart as a new worksheet in your workbook.Give this new worksheet the name Chart1 2. Create a line graph to compare the sales of all chocolate bars in January and February. Save the graph as a new worksheet in your workbook. Give this new worksheet the name Ch art2 Remember to save your work within the file SS2_chocolate_complete Part C (B1. 4, B2. 1, B2. 3) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A and added charts to in Part B of this assessment). 2. resume a new column to this spreadsheet. You should add this column after the Total sales column and name it Re-order. 3.If the Total sales of a chocolate bar are more than 100, then stock needs to be re-ordered. In the Re-order column that you imbibe added to your spreadsheet, create an IF statement to show whether stock needs to be ordered for each chocolate bar. The results of your IF statement should display Yes if stock needs to be re-ordered or No if new stock isnt required. 4. Once you put one across completed your IF statement for each chocolate bar, save the changes you soak up made to your SS2_chocolate_complete spreadsheet. Part D (B1. 3, B2. 2) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. . From the resource files open the spreadsheet shopdata. 2. Complete the following table. For each task you must complete the action in Excel, and then complete the table with which functions/formula you used. The first task has been completed as an example. Task Use one of these three Which Type out the formula / one of the What is the answer functions to complete the function did formulas you used to the initial task? task you use? Calculate the total number ofSUM, AVERAGE, COUNT SUM =SUM(C2C7) 350 sales for memory 2 in February Identify the most popular SUM, MIN, MAX MAX =MAX(B2B7) Snickers chocolate bar for Shop 1 in January Calculate the total number of3D reference using SUM, 3D SUM =SUM(Shop1Shop3 J5) Mars bars sold by all shops reference using COUNTIF, 3D reference using MIN / MAX. *see note Total=1687 Remember to save your work in this document. *note To do this task I used Sort AZ in every Shop with intention to get Mars bars in The position row 5, in every shop I did =SUM(B5G5) and every result in J5. after I did SUM Part E (B1. 3, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. 1. From the resource files open the document shopdata. 2. For each of the three Shop worksheets, add a new column after June and name it Average. 3.Work out the average number of sales for each chocolate bar in Shop 2. Display the results in the column Average. 4. Sort the Shop 2 worksheet so that the chocolate bar with the least average sales appears at the top, and the chocolate bar with the most average sales appears at the bottom of the spreadsheet. 5. Go to the Shop 1 worksheet. Type the text edition edition Shop 2 in a cell in column A. Create a hyperlink using this text which links to the Shop 2 worksheet. Save the file with the name SS2_shopdata_complete Part F (B3. 1, B3. 2, B3. 3, B3. 4, B3. 5, B3. 6, B3. 7) 1. Open the spreadsheet you created in Pa rt A of this assessment, which should be saved with the filename SS2_chocolate_complete. Using the Save as unction, create another file and weaken it the file name SS2_chocolate2_complete. Apply bold formatting to all the text in Row 1 Apply bold formatting to all the text in Column A Change the text colour of Row 1 to red Adjust the size of Column F so that the text Total sales appears on one line Insert an outline border to your spreadsheet, and also an inside border to all cells 2. Open the worksheet Chart 1 Give the x axis the name chocolate bar type Give the y axis the name customer price Change the chart type from Column to Bar Give this chart a competent title A legend should be applied, if appropriate. 3. Open the worksheet Chart 2.Add a suitable chart title, legend, x-axis label and y-axis label to this chart. 4. Check the formatting, spelling and data accuracy of all your work, and respond appropriately to any problems. Describe how you did this. Using Print d awdler to view the document. I adjusted the margins, with Page Layout (Margins), which were too wide, necessitating 2 pages to show chart 2. I checked the layout for the first chart and resized the second chart to commensurate the page. Next, I renamed sheet 1&2 to chart 1&2 on the spreadsheets ss2_chocolate_complete and on ss2_chocolate2_complete respectively. I did this by right clicking on the sheet tab, using Rename I typed in the correct name (chart 1& chart 2).In Review, I used the Spelling & Grammar option to check the whole documents & corrected mistakes. I checked all formulas manually to be sure they are working automatically. Remember to save the spreadsheet with the file name SS2_chocolate2_complete Sending work Once you have completed all parts of this Assessment, you will need to send your work to your tutor so he or she can see the progress you have made. Send the following files 1. This document with completed sections. 2. SS2_chocolate_complete 3. SS2_chocolate2_co mplete 4. SS2_shopdata_complete When youre ready, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your files to your tutor via your My Study area.

Communication Strategies for Leaders Essay

A leader must be able to slip away effectively. When asked to define leadership, theorists and practitioners alike frequently use the words influence, inspire and transform, all of which depend on talk, verbal and nonverbal. Leaders lead through their words and actions. This text edition focuses on both, thus the emphasis throughout on emotional intelligence, the ability to understand the self and others (Barrett, 2011).Effective leadership conversation requires the ability to anticipate to the say-so interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the beneficial medium and craft a clear message that allows the meaning to reach the specific manslayer as intended (Barrett, 2011). In my quest to achieve superior communication leadership skills I have had the opportunity to assess and evaluate my effectiveness in communication leadership. This personal assessment has indicated I must be get along with to a greater extent s trategic as strategy is the foundation on which any effective communication depends on.Leaders must be able to analyze their audience in every situation and design a communication strategy that facilitates accomplishing their communication. Communication is censorious to every organization and for any aspiring leader. I plan to be strategic in developing a plan to be a more effective communicator by reaching out to external constituents as that is an area for communication improvement. Overall, effective communication strategy depends on ones thinking and planning strategically understanding your audience, and structuring your communication for different situations, delivery methods, and audiences to ensure that you connect with your audience and deliver your intended message (Barrett, 2011). III.As a leader and manager in my organization I take pride in being an effective leader and communication. I have been at my non-profit organization for thepast 6 age and have made signific ant improvement and learned to grow my communication skills. Owens (1998) mentions two key features of leadership which are (1) the engagement of persons in a figure out that identifies them with goals, and (2) the potential to change the institutional environment (e.g. values, beliefs, etc.) by implementing diversity goals into the organizational culture.At the same time, I am a leader that promotes integrity to cue ethical behavior across the entire organization. Also, it is important for me to create an open environment in which followers and employees feel free to speak up and come forward to me when any action needs to take place. Overall, I am forever striving to be a better communicator in all situations as it teaches as I want to be recognized by others as a transformational leader.I consider my oral public speaking skills to be my major strength when communicating to internal colleagues at my organization. I am always poised to conduct presentations and furcateicipate in public speaking engagements. I always maintain a sense of confidence and take pride in my public speaking skills. At the same time, I feel much more comfortable in situations where I can communicate effectively with my aggroup members and demonstrate my dynamic skills to engage them effectively. I tend to be a coach and a motivator among my employees. I use different means to get my employees to want to be better at their duties and take full ownership of their tasks and goals. I excessively have a lot of confidence in being able to utilize my skills in dealing with others feelings and communicating with them solutions to help them with their particular situation.I would consider my interpersonal communication skills with external relations as an area for improvement. I tend to be an extrovert when it comes to public speaking and very confidant with communicating with large audiences save I tend to be introverted when it comes to communication in smaller groups or individual communication with members of external organizations. Barrett (2011) suggests that selecting the just spokesperson to deliver external messages can be almost as critical as the message themselves. I need to work on this part of my communication leadership by participating in more social and networking events to work on my confidence in communicating with external constituents. I also plan to travel more with my executive leadership team and attend meetings and events to get a better understanding of how to communicate more effectively in my external communication. Improvement GoalEffective leadership communication requires the ability to anticipate to the potential interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the right medium and craft a clear message that allows the meaning to reach the specific receiver as intended (Barrett, 2011). I always maintain a sense of confidence and take pride in my public speaking skills. At t he same time, I feel much more comfortable in situations where I can communicate effectively with my team members and demonstrate my dynamic skills to engage them effectively which include motivating and coaching. I would consider my interpersonal communication skills with external relations as an area for improvement.I tend to be an extrovert when it comes to public speaking and very confidant with communicating with large audiences but I tend to be introverted when it comes to communication in smaller groups or individual communication with members of external organizations. I have action locomote in place to help me in my leadership development which include attending more external corporate events and meetings with the executive team. Solicit feedback from executive team members concerning areas for improvement and change any behavior based on feedback. Also, I plan to participate in more networking events with external constituents.ReferencesAamodt, M. (2013). Industrial/Organ izational psychological science An applied approach. Seventh edition. Cox et. al (2007). Evaluating organizational-level work stress interventions Beyond tradition methods. Work & Stress, 21, 348-362. Ebbers, L., Conover, K., Samuels, A. (2010). Leading from the middle preparing leaders for new roles. New directions for connection Colleges.Wiley Periodicals. Frese, M (2009). The changing nature of work. In N. Chmiel (Ed.) An introduction to work and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 397-413). Oxford Blackwell publishing. Lawler, E.E. (2001). Organizing for high performance. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Owens, Robert. (1998). Organizational Behavior in Education (6th ed.). Boston Allyn and Bacon.

Mba Statement of Purpose

Writing a MBA rumor of purpose requires you to really deliberate more or less yourself and your goals. It helps you to see why you essential to enter a MBA program and assures you that you are making the in force(p) move. More importantly, it shows your chosen univer simulatey that same thing. In order to ensure that you really get your point across and that you tell the school what they want to know, it helps to learn a bit more virtually what colleges look for in a MBA affirmation of purpose.You nooky look at multiple Sample MBA statement of Purpose essays, save unless you get an actual Sample MBA Statement of Purpose essay form the school to which you are applying you may non hit the nail on the head. You may cover what they want to hear and you may not give them all the details they need to approve your application for admissions. A good Sample MBA Statement of Purpose will show you what the college wants and give you a immense guide for writing your own. In general , colleges want to see the same types of things from a purpose statement.The bottom line is that they all want to see what the statement says about you. They want to learn who you are and why you should be in their program. Understanding this and looking at your essay from their point of view will help you to write the best possible statement. Put yourself in the role of an admissions officer. Consider the fact that you are reading thousands of these essays. Think about what you would like to see. Think about how your essay would appeal to someone who is reading these purpose statements everyday. Does it stand out? Is there anything unique about it or about you that will make them take notice?The admissions officers already know about your great test scores and where you got your undergraduate degree. Do not waste their time telling them abut things they already know. Mix in some interesting things that will catch their attention. Give them something they will want to read. You kee p to understand that you are not the only applying and you essay is not the only one they will read. You confound to find a way to make yourself stand out and prove you are different from the rest. You can assume that everyone who is applying has good test scores and good work experience, so you have to go beyond that.You can not rely on your academics to get you by and that is the whole point of this purpose statement. When you sit down to write your statement of purpose you need to keep all of these things in mind. Your purpose statement gives life to your admissions application. It is the one thing that you control completely and the one thing that will show your personality. Do not let the chance go to show who you are by writing a dry statement if purpose. Write something that will make the admissions officers say they need you at their school

Postmodernism Essay

Different material, methods and medias fork over been utilise in postmodern art, such as painting fine art, technology, architecture and fashion. A study of various types of respectable societal changes through time is tackled through art. These changes comprise of gender identity, globalisation levyth, political power etcetera Introduction The expression of Art has always been influential many artists use it as a play to exploit political truths and ideas. Postmodernism is a movework forcet reacting against modernism, especially by drawing attention to hurler conventions (pg821).This form of art allowed a new way of counting at reality in a hostel that is constantly reassessing its culture and values. Postmodern art focuses on a mixture of gritty and low cultures and preponderant ideas it went against repression, sexism, racism, political power, and violence. Deconstructing truths criticises and analyses contemporary issues. These deconstructionist feed on controversy, ar tists such as Alessandro Mendini, Andy Warhol, jennet Holzer create braw and ruinous, luxurious and outrageous artwork.The art allowed radical freedom to design, funny gestures confrontation and occasionally absurd. It was a manner that has new self-awareness. Postmodernism rebelled against modernism it was an attack on what had come before as it explored and disparaged any unspoken jumper lead concepts and social customs. The disillusionment from World War II heavily influenced postmodern art. The style doesnt have a clear central hierarchy or organising principle it uses melancholy, extreme complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity and interconnectedness.Loud colours, gauze-like practices, diachronic quotation and whit are used. During the 60s, critical practices of postmodernism were applied mainly in Italy. The idea of social function follows form is abandoned. Exaggerated proportion and outrageous texture for the sake of decoration. Designers such as Ettore Sottsas s and Alessandro Mendini who challenged social norms and the traditionalistic taste of design. Italian born designer and architect, Alessandro Mendini played a part in postmodern design. He creates graphics, furniture, interiors, paintings and architectures.His work of Destruction of the Monumento da Casa (Household Monument) is an enlarged photograph of a modernist chair. This literally displays the destroying of the past, the end of modernism and the set about of postmodernism. It was an attack on what had come before, Mendini brought the chair to a stone quarry and set the chair on fire, photos were captured during the process in 1974. Popular culture, irony, historicism, eclecticism and pluralism are embraced by postmodernism. The artist believed that something new design would grow from the burning remains.One of the most iconic post-modern designs is the Proust armchair by Alessandro Mendini. He chose to add Signac painting as the pattern on a ready-made replica of an 18th c entury armchair. American language conceptual artist, jennet Holzer is famous for her short statements. The postmodern fashion in the 80s was a time when women were in power and this was mirrored in physicality and clothes. The artist uses modern information to expose and address the government of discourse. The Abuse of Power Comes as No Surprise by Hozler is one of her many controversial artworks. jenny Hozler worked outside the unbendable conventions, as she believed that simplified phrases are the quickest way for e veryone to comprehend. A lot of Jenny Hozlers work victimises the woman, this method allows the audience to basically read the violence male dominance against women. course such as Crack the Pelvis so she lies right, this a mistake. When she dies you cannot repeat the act the brutal insofar vivid words suggest male power over women. In order to communicate to outside countries, her work was translated multiple times. Hozlers techniques include a range of multim edia, posters, hats, T-shirts and L.E. D signs on large architecture. She authentic many negative feedbacks by the public, therefore, withdrew from her career until 1993. The postmodern artist came back with a new snuggle to immaterial she is still driven against murder plus sexual pleasure, hence initiated a new serial publication named Lustmord. Fine Art is also found in post modernism. Techniques found in painting were super-realism, mannered, academic, neoclassical, decorative, and conscious stylization. Originality had ended and there is a lot past styles referencing. Postmodern artist, David Ligare paintings looked extremely realistic.He focused on still life painting, Ligare believes that there is no limit and virtually anything now could be considered art, hence makes him a postmodern artist. David Ligare does narrative paintings based on Greco/Toman culture. Marcel Duchamps artwork incorporated jokes to add snappishness to his visual. Duchamp has made numerous pastiche works his most famous is the L. H. O. O. Q, which stands for Elle a chaud au cul. It was a rebel against traditional art was the dominant idea of the time. Duchamps added moustache and beard to the postcard with the Mona Lisa, which contradicts regular conventions of the time.He wanted to take artistry lightly it was an act of rebel against convention. This technique became known as appropriation, it is the idea of manipulating famous historical art pieces. This practice has become common in straight offs art. Andy Warhol works exemplifies the final stage of postmodernism. Warhols paintings had always had something controversial, as theorist Fredric Jameson states, they ought to be flop and critical political statements Andy Warhol is a contemporary artist, which expresses the postmodernism of society though his artistry.Through his artwork, his expression seems to be very anarchy and chaotic, especially the major use of the primary and bold colours whereas in the mainstream artis try it is very subtle due to the dark or complimentary colours which can often be seen as conservative. Warhols Dollar Sign from 1981 deconstructs the truth about money. The painting suggest moneys strength, its dependance and tactic for conspiracy, His artwork were powerful and held critical political statements because they were billboard-like dates. One of his pieces was of the North Korean leader, Kim John IL.normally in society Kim John IL would not be even spoken of due to the high political power he has over North Korea. And the fragility between other nations that Kim John IL has. Andy Warhol has done a piece of this leader using contrasting and chaotic colours that seemed random and unusual. Warhol used appropriation, taking and creating pastiche references. As Andy Warhol states, Art is what you can get away with. Yasumasa Morimura uses humour with referencing to historical art. His postmodern artworks have the idea of rejecting a single fixed meaning in an image or art work.He is a controversial Japanese artist who displaces societal currents in Japanese culture. Western assimilation, capitalism and gender values are shown in his designs. Yasumasa is an illusive creator with no boundaries this sets his work off to a pharyngeal consonant response. He is best known for mimicking great subjects, in particular western art. One of his works uses historical art as reference is the machinationed by the Light 1991, which was inspired by the Parable for the Blind by Pieter Brueghel in 1568. Morimura symbolises a satirical message on Western invasion.Yasumasa Morimura caused controversy by foreground historical influences and transforming into the postmodern art world with eastern and western culture, sexuality and gender identity. His background influenced Morimuras, he was an outsider dominated by western culture and art. Technology advancement such as digital editing allowed his work to become flawless. In the racist imagination of western culture, t hey perceive Asian men with weak physically, equivalent to a little white girl. Morimura embraces his influences and mixes his sexual influence with modern culture.This is reflected in his serial publication of self-portraits, e. g. Morimura as Monroe. Throughout the postmodern period, globalisation had become widespread, the artist felt as if he was invaded by foreign ideas and culture. In response, he invaded western culture through their art, by slapping his face on the Mona Lisa or the Infanta Margarita. Famous artist, Barbara Kruger exploited truths through her works of being a graphic designer, art director, and picture editor. quite a than creating her own images, she uses images and juxtaposes them.She used her techniques and skills of being a graphic designer and worked on political, social feminist provocations, religion, sex, racial and gender stereotypes, consumerism, corporate greed, and power. Her techniques consist of using media sources and words and directly collag ing them over each other. Her signature look comprises of cropped, large-scale, black and white photographic pictures against black, white and red sans serif letterform. They hold raucous, pithy, ironic sayings. The poster, Your Body is a battleground proposes the idea of re-conditioning gender stereotypes.Originally, the image was used in Washington DC to advocate a pro-choice position and reproductive rights for women. This raises the issue of power, patriarchy, stereotyping and consumption. The poster has a black and white image of a womans face that is split symmetrically with direct eye contact. The positive and negative aloofness could highlight good vs. bad. Judging from the womans hair and makeup, she appears to be a housewife. The image represents that women cannot be sold, it illustrated a political setting and subsequently their identities are favourably polished.

The influence of Byzantine art

The influence of Byzantine fine art to subsequent art movements has besides been recognized in recent years nonetheless, this does not diminish its magnitude. Contemporary Byzantine iconographer Egon Sendler is a roman print Catholic priest and art professor who is credited as one of the main proponent and pedagog of contemporary Byzantine art that subscribe to the aesthetic and canonical rules of its traditional iconography (Atelier Saint Andre, 2005). Like com/art-appreciation-test-2/the buffer Byzantine artworks, the predominant theme and subject or the art was religious in nature.Original Byzantine art was not limited to religious iconography merely withal sought to represent imperial themes since Byzantine fluence that there was also a significant influence and transfer of Eastern styles particularly in the call of colors, pigments and architecture featured in the art (Sendler, 1995). As seen in Sendlers work titled consummate(a) Pokrov completed in 2000, the work is s ymbolical rather naturalistic and was predominantly of traditional Orthodox icons and symbols (see convention 1). Sendlers work is not only visually faithful to original Byzantine art but follows preparation and materials used during the period.Since the period extends from the 4th to 15th centuries, there is a wide variety of styles, mediums and materials used. However, Sendler points surface that Byzantine art traditions root in canons and iconography allows modern artists the facility to recreate the artistic tradition was also considered as the successor of the Great Roman Empire. Classical tradition as was a heavy guild today. The objective of Byzantine artists, ancient and contemporary, it is not to create disambiguation or abstraction of their subject but rather reflect the interpretation of what constitutes as natural at the advent of the Byzantine era.References Atelier Saint Andre (2005) arrive Egon Sendler. Atelier Saint Andre. net, July 17. Retrieved July 16, 2008, f rom http//www. atelier-st-andre. net/en/pages/presentation/father_sendler. html Sendler, Egon (1995). The Icon Images of the Invisible, Elements of Theology, Aesthetics and Technique. New York Oakwood Publications Sendler, Egon (2000). pure(a) Pokrov. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http//www. iconsexplained. com/iec/01017. htm

Jewish resistance through music during the holocaust Essay

The final resolution refers to the grim flow rate of human history when about six million Jews and millions of other groups such as Soviets, Romani, and Poles in Europe were murdered systematic aloney by Nazi Germans. The genocide was Ger legion(predicate)s final solution to the Judaic question which is what to do with the race of people who supposedly caused all the ills of Germany. Men, women, children, and the elderly were murdered using gas chambers in extermination camps in Auschwitz and other business offices. Jews however, did non easily succumb to the draw off-out upon them.They resisted by dint of various ways, such as extermination camp breakouts and art. Judaic medicinal drug stands out among all forms of bulwark against the inhuman brutality of Nazi Germany during the final solution. harmony served two main purposes for Jews during the time of mass exterminations. On the one hand, Jewish songs in the ghettos and elsewhere expressed their anguish and agony. W ords were simply not complete to describe the pain, fear and darkness all around them. On the other hand though, medicinal drug too uplifted the spirits of Jews.When the Nazis were trying to take away their humanity, the Jews affirmed it through optimistic harmony. In a way, unison became life itself for Jews and other oppressed groups. Like other forms of art, music has the ability to evoke images and feelings in the attendants minds. For this reason, music was a convenient way to express the shared sentiments of Jews being murdered. Much of Jewish music ran counter to Nazi culture as Nazis viewed many modern forms of art, including jazz, as degenerate.Nazis forced Jews in niggardliness camps to film music for them, even commanding them to form orchestras for their entertainment. Jews continued to make music in the ghettos, however. They held concerts, present operas, and per create many musical works to express their resistance against the Nazis and the sadness of their f ate. During the German occupation, the music that surrounded Jews was not restricted to Wagnerian types which influenced Adolf Hitler. Nazis were quick to suppress classical works by Mahler and Mendelssohn because they were Jewish.In 1933, when Nazis started to take power, the Reich symphony Office dismissed professional musicians of Jewish origins. gutter Felstiner, professor of Jewish studies and English at Stanford University, considers Jewish music at the time of the Holocaust as a type of resistance even though it is not done physically, such as ghetto uprisings. Jews performed and appreciated their aver music at their lives risk. Felstiner tangle that the music that emerged was consequently free and seemed to have a different feel than poems and diary entries.Different kinds of music resulted from the dangerous situations Jews produced these forms of art. Examples of these are Handels Judas Maccabeus, Verdis Requiem, bitter songs in the ghettos, and humorous satires compos ed of old tunes and freshly lyrics. A friend of his in Auschwitz composed a song with her friends in Hungrian set to the tune of Hatikvah, Israels national anthem. Felstiner thought that the song sustained his friend during her stay in the intentness camp.The Gestapo, the secret jurisprudence of Nazi Germany, turned Terezin, a t stimulate in the Czech Republic, into a ghetto for Jews coming from Czechoslovakia, Germany, Denmark, Austria, and the Netherlands. While the place wasnt an extermination camp, thousands of Jews still died there because of appalling conditions. During this period, a Czech Jewish composer by the let out of Gideon Klein intensified his activity when he was sent to the town. He ran numerous classes for children, organized and performed concerts, and composed music Jewish music.According to Felstiner, one of Kleins listeners remembered him playing so beautifully that they couldnt help but let tears stream down their cheeks. At another event, Klein organized a very simple garret concert with three chairs for the string trio. Despite the simplicity of the concert however, the audience was very still eon listening to the music. People guarded the steps into the attic and someone kept lookout from the window. Kleins listener described these musical performances as spiritual nourishment and thought they made them forget their misery and starve and long for more performances.For Klein and other artists however, concerts like this are an act of rebellion against the Nazi Germans. Gideon Klein was very influential to ghetto residents during his stay in Terezin. As evidence, a teenager wrote a striking poem about him authorize Concert in the Old School Garret word-painting his ardent desire to express resistance through his music. Kleins wonderful largo was formed through the variations of his favorite Moravian folk song her nurse render to him when he was young. He was not able to perform the song himself in Terezin however, although th e score survived. gild days after he composed the song in September 1944, he was sent to the concentration camp at Auschwitz. According to drawings of Charlotte Buresova and Petr Kien, visual artists at Terezin during the same period of time, Kleins scene showed receptive resistance against the brutal Final Solution of Nazis. Holocaust songs are different from ordinary forms of communication produced during the period because they elevated speech to transcendent levels. Songs written and sang by Jews contained the culture that defined their oppressed communities. gay values can be expressed in the abstract through music. Thus, in an inhuman environs such as the Nazi Germans constructed for Jews and other oppressed groups, singing their own songs was equivalent to crying for acknowledgement as fellow human beings. Songs have a humanizing prepare on singers and listeners. Survivors of the Holocaust consider this effect the essential value of singing Jewish songs. Singing at this time was therefore an act of origin and was very important amidst the horrible conditions of ghetto life.Jews asserted their freedom and human life by singing their own songs in the ghetto, which clearly makes the activity an act of resistance against the systematic dehumanization of their race by the oppressors. Ghetto songs symbolized the seek for survival of Jews. They were the musical representations of life surviving under the harshest of conditions, and not death. For survivors of the mass exterminations and forced labor, Jewish music was beyond ordinary language. It represented the only truth of their life in the ghettos and told the story of their long and big(p) spiritual resistance.Nazis though, was in like manner aware of the power of music in defining whats culturally chastise or reasonable. As soon as the Nazis took power, they limited the activity of Jewish musicians and aired their propaganda through their own songs. Music was used to establish an atmosphere whic h permitted mass murder since it was seen as a patriotic calling and its victims were subhuman. Nazi music proliferated the streets and the radio waves and even made its way into concentration camps. Initially during the Holocaust, at the reach depots for captured Jews, they were questioned regarding their musical abilities.People were sorted out into those who could sing or play music and those who couldnt. Those who could were commanded to perform propaganda music for Nazis before they were sent away to be gassed, incinerated, or tortured. At Auschwitz, the largest extermination camp in history, an all-female orchestra was formed for the entertainment of Nazis. Members of the orchestra were constantly replaced because the women regularly died of starvation, disease or were murdered. At Terezin, before Nazis completely sent the ghetto residents to the extermination camps, Jews continued to produce their music for the people.Ordinary people and artists defied the regime by singing their songs and make their music. They also equanimous strength to live for another day by immersing themselves in the operas and concerts that organizers arranged. Josef Bor, a Czechoslovakian Jew, who was engrossed with his family at Terezin remembered how his fellow Jews proudly sang to their deaths in the face of Nazis. In a concentration camp, inmates sang Verdis Requiem passionately in front of SS troops and Adolf Eichmann, the supposed architect of the Holocaust.Eichmann was amused by the performance of the Jews, but the inmates themselves were beyond Eichmanns twisted humor. According to Bor, the inmates found liberation from exhaustion, terror, and provocation through the power of music. At their performance, the inmates sang with all their strength the words Free me, God, from eternal death in the faces of their murderers. Many musical works have been recovered since the end of World War II. Scores from musicians such as Gideon Klein, Pavel Haar, Hans Krasa, and Viktor Ullman were discovered by researchers.These musicians had notable musical careers even before the Nazis took power and they continued to make music later to express resistance. Ullman was a pupil of Arnold Schoenberg, the famous Austrian composer. Two operas are curiously significant in defining this period of time Brundibar by Hans Krasa and Adolf Hoffmeister and Der Kaiser von Atlantis, oder Tod dank tab (The emperor butterfly of Atlantis or death abdicates) by Ullman and Peter Kien. All of these talented musicians perished in the extermination camp at Auschwitz in 1944.Their works have since been performed in Israel, the United States, England, Czechoslovakia, and Holland. Other vocal and instrumental selections were also gathered from manuscripts found at the camp in Terezin, many of them written anonymously. Holocaust memorials and Israeli libraries have many of these creations, especially of notable of musicians such as Ilse Weber. Weber was an educator and singer who compos ed and sang songs to children plot of ground she was at Terezin. Unfortunately, Weber along with other Jews, were also transported to Auschwitz and gassed.Today, Holocaust commemorations usually include music produced depicting the struggle for survival of Jews at the time. Examples of this type of music is Max Bruchs Kol Nidre, an interpretation of a Jewish prayer that opens evening services on Yom Kippur, and Leonard Bernsteins Kaddish an interpretation of the Jewish prayer for the dead. Other pieces deserving considering are Steve Reichs music in Different Trains, Henryk Goreckis Third Symphony, Dmitry Shostakovichs Thirteenth Symphony, and Arnold Schoenbergs A Survivor from Warsaw. Music, the universal language of human beings, is indeed a powerful tool of resistance. by means of its ability to express the humanity of performers, singers, and listeners, Jews made use of music to highlight the inhuman Nazi force that oppressed them. As long as they could make their own music w hich reflected their culture, suffering, and hopes, Jews refused to be the subhuman creatures which their oppressors cherished them to be. While music will never be a physical form of resistance against unjust forces in society, its unique power to condition the minds of people will always be as besotted as ever.Music contains the truth of the lives people live and is therefore a slap on the face of forces that seek to erase peoples humanity. BIBLIOGRAPHY Berger, Ronald J. Fathoming the Holocaust a social problems approach. Piscataway Aldine Transaction, 2002. Flam, Gila. Singing for Survival Songs of the Lodz Ghetto, 1940-45. Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois Press, 1992. Gilbert, Shirli. Music in the Holocaust Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005.Heskes, Irene. Passport to Jewish music its history, traditions, and culture. Abingdon Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. Roth, John K. Holocaust Politics. Dallas Westminster John Kn ox Press, 2001. Rubenstein, Richard L. and John K. Roth, Approaches to Auschwitz the Holocaust and its legacy. Dallas Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. Signer, Michael Alan. Humanity at the limit the impact of the Holocaust experience on Jews and Christians. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2000.